There are multiple opinions regarding who compiled the Qur’an, who wrote it, and who ordered it.
1- Compilation took place during the time of the Prophet (s)
2- It was compiled during the era of Abu Bakr, meaning that it was collected from scattered scripts, or compiled from the chests of men with the testimony of witnesses.
3- It was compiled during the time of Umar ibn al-Khattab.
4- Its compilation began during the era of Abu Bakr, and it was completed during the era of Umar.
5- It was compiled during the reign of Uthman bin Affan
The correct opinion is the first and it is the opinion which many scholars, including the respected Sayed al-Khoei, adhered to, refuting other opinions and deeming them contradictory to the Holy Qur’an, tradition, and reason.
Among those who share this opinion are Allamah al-Rafii, who said: “The Prophet (s) had companions who wrote down the Quran when it was revealed, either by his order or on their own, fully or partially. As for those who compiled the Quran in its entirety, they are five, then he counted them.”
Another scholar who shares this opinion is Mannaa al-Qattan, who said: “We know that the Quran was written before during the time of the Prophet, but it was scattered in parchments [and elsewhere]. So, Abu Bakr ordered its compilation into one Mus’haf (book)…” until he said: “So, Abu Bakr was the first to compile the Quran in this manner into one Mus’haf.” Notice the expression, here, that Abu Bakr ordered its compilation into one Mus’haf, indicating that it was in multiple existing scripts, contrary to those who said that the Quran was compiled from the chests of the companions with two witnesses or a single witness, if that single witness’s testimony were equivalent to a double-testimony.
Another scholar who shares this first opnion is al-Zarqani, who believes that the compilation is not an innovation or a deviant addition, but is rather derived from the rules set by the Prophet in legislating the writing of the Quran, making it the Book of Revelation, and compiling what they wrote down until he (s) passed away. Then he quoted Imam Abu Abdullah al-Muhassibi who says in his book ‘Understanding the Sunnah’: “The writing of the Qur’an is not an innovation, for Prophet Muhammad (s) used to order that it be written but it was scattered in parchments. He (s) ordered his companions to copy it from multiple places to a single place as they were papers scattered around the home of the Prophet (s), so a companion gathered them together and tied them with a rope so no page of it gets lost.”
This is the opinion of several later scholars who lean towards the first opinion.
As for the early scholars, among them is Sayyid Murtada ‘Alam al-Huda, may Allah have mercy on his soul, as reported by Sheikh al-Tabrisi, where he said, may Allah have mercy on him: “Knowing the authenticity of the Quran’s transmission is like knowing the geography and major events which are well-documented… The Quran during the time of the Prophet was compiled and organized as it is now. Then he cited evidence such as the fact that a group of companions like Abdullah ibn Mas’ud and Ubay ibn Ka’b, and others, memorized the Quran during the Prophet’s lifetime several times, which indicates upon careful consideration that it was compiled and arranged, not haphazardly or sporadically.”
Also, among them is al-Sayuti, and those quoted by al-Sayuti, where he said: “Consensus and textual evidence affirm that the arrangement of the verses is divinely ordained, there is no doubt about that.” The consensus has been reported by several scholars, amongst them al-Zarakshi in ‘al-Burhan’ and Abu Jaafar bin Zubayr on several accounts. Abu Jaafar bin Zubayr said: “The arrangement of the verses in their respective chapters, by consensus amongst Muslims, was ordained by the Prophet (s). Al-Sayuti then says: “Among the reports is also that of Zayd al-Sabiq in which he says: “We were with the Prophet (s) compiling the Qur’an from parchments.” This, as you see, indicates that the compilation and arrangement of the verses in the chapters were by the command of the Prophet (s), as is unanimously agreed upon, and also indicates the compilation of the entire Quran from scattered pieces by Zaid and his companions during the time of the Prophet (s).
It has also been reported in al-Itqan from al-Qadi Abu Bakr in ‘al-Intisar’ that he said: “What we believe is that the compilation of the Quran which Allah revealed and ordered to be written, and did not abrogate or lift its recitation after its revelation, is between the two covers.” He then says: “Its arrangement and composition are established according to what Allah arranged and the Prophet ordered, in terms of the verses in the surahs.”
It has also been reported in al-Baghawi’s ‘Explanation of the Sunnah’ that he said: “The companions, may Allah be pleased with them, compiled between the two covers the Quran that Allah revealed to His Messenger without adding or subtracting.”
Note: There are many more who adopted this opinion but these should suffice.
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